Two shot:
A shot where two characters occupy the frame simultaneously.

This is often used to show contrasting emotions or reactions of the two diffrent characters

 Low shot:
A shot taken from an angle below the subject.

By looking up (both literally and metaphorically) at the subject, this shot infuses the subject with power & authority above the audience.

Bird's eye view shot:
A shot from almost a direct overhead prospective of the subject.

This can be used to establish a scene or create a sense of insignificance or smallness of a subject. 

 Close up:
A shot taken near to the subject, so that significant detail can be observed. For a human subject this would only show face,(or similar features e.g hands.) of a character.

This has many uses, amongst which can be to show the audience particular detail, information, or emotion about the subject.

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Dutch angle shot:
A shot that is taken of a subject at a tilted angle, between 0-45 and 45-90.

Can be used to create a feeling of disorientation or unreality, from looking at something from an unfamiliar prospective.